Detailed measures of early academic achievement and socioeconomic status are powerful predictors of future criminal justice involvement; however, while reforms that improve school quality and neighborhood environments are likely to reduce future racial disparities in criminal justice involvement, such improvements alone are not likely to eliminate these disparities.

Information alone is insufficient for increasing low-income children’s math test skills or parental engagement in math activities. The provision of materials in concert with messaging to dissuade parents from procrastinating is effective at increasing scores and parental engagement, as are digital math apps.