Removing a previously obtained criminal record does not improve labor market outcomes, on average, with the notable exception of participation in gig work through online platforms.

Detailed measures of early academic achievement and socioeconomic status are powerful predictors of future criminal justice involvement; however, while reforms that improve school quality and neighborhood environments are likely to reduce future racial disparities in criminal justice involvement, such improvements alone are not likely to eliminate these disparities.

Policies that reduce economic desperation reduce property crime (and hence overall crime rates) but have little effect on violent crime.